Macular Degeneration (AMD)
What is macular degeneration?
Macular degeneration, or age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is a progressive condition that damages the macula — the small central area of the retina responsible for sharp, straight-ahead vision. It causes a gradual, painless loss and distortion of central vision, while side (peripheral) vision is usually preserved. In more advanced cases it can make it harder to read, drive, see fine detail and recognise faces.
AMD is one of the leading causes of vision loss in adults aged 50 and over. There are two main types: dry AMD and wet AMD.
Dry AMD vs wet AMD
Dry AMD accounts for most cases (around 8 in 10). It is marked by a build-up of small yellow deposits under the retina called ‘drusen’. Changes are usually slow, developing over many years, and the deposits can gradually enlarge and lead to vision loss. Dry AMD can also progress into wet AMD.
Wet AMD is the less common but more severe form, and can cause rapid vision loss and distortion. It occurs when abnormal new blood vessels grow under the retina and leak fluid, damaging the macula and surrounding tissue. For wet AMD, regular anti-VEGF injections (administered by an ophthalmologist) can help stabilise vision in many patients, particularly when treatment begins early.
Symptoms and warning signs
AMD often develops gradually, so early changes can be easy to miss. Signs to watch for include:
- Blurred or reduced central vision
- Straight lines — such as door frames or tiles — appearing wavy or bent
- A dark, blurred or empty patch in the centre of your vision
- Difficulty recognising faces
- Needing brighter light or stronger magnification to read
If you notice any sudden distortion or a new dark patch in your central vision, seek eye care attention promptly.
Risk factors
AMD has a genetic component, so a family history raises your risk. It is also associated with age, smoking, high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease and obesity. A balanced, leafy-green-rich diet is often recommended to support long-term retinal health — you can read more in our guide to nutrition for healthy eyes.
How we detect and monitor AMD at EMME Visioncare
Our optometrist checks for macular degeneration as part of your comprehensive eye examination. We can pick up early signs of AMD using our high-definition retinal imaging system, and we keep these images on file to compare over time and watch for change. At EMME Visioncare, HD digital retinal imaging is included as a standard part of your eye test at no extra cost.
If you are identified as being at risk, we provide a printed grid card called an Amsler test (shown below) to self-monitor your central vision at home. This should be done once a month, checking each eye separately while wearing your reading glasses. If you notice any distortion, missing spots or changes in the grid lines, contact us for an eye check without delay. Learn how the test works in our guide to the Amsler grid test.
Frequently asked questions
Can macular degeneration be cured?
There is currently no cure for AMD. However, early detection and monitoring can help slow progression of dry AMD, and anti-VEGF treatment can help stabilise vision for many people with wet AMD.
Does AMD cause complete blindness?
AMD affects central vision but usually spares peripheral (side) vision, so it does not typically cause total blindness. It can, however, significantly affect tasks that rely on central vision, such as reading and recognising faces.
Is macular degeneration hereditary?
Genetics play a role, so having a close family member with AMD increases your risk. Regular eye examinations are especially important if AMD runs in your family.
How often should I have my eyes checked for AMD?
A comprehensive eye examination is the best way to detect AMD early. If you are over 50 or at higher risk, we generally recommend a check at least once a year, alongside monthly Amsler grid self-monitoring at home if advised.